Common Pediatric Illnesses-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignement

Question: Which Essential Questions will you ask a Pediatric Patient or their Caregiver when the Presenting Complaint is bleeding the runs? Answer: Managing pediatric patients can be trying as some of them have not yet built up the fundamental relational abilities to clarify their circumstance. Grisly loose bowels is a typical event in numerous kids which may be affected by numerous variables, and the most ideal approach to discover the subtleties is by scrutinizing the human services suppliers. A portion of the inquiries to pose are the measure of blood in the stool as it would decide the degree of the disease. Is there any indication of a butt-centric crevice which may be adding to the blood? Is the youngster feeling any sorts of torment in the latrine? The pediatrician ought to likewise discover the potential outcomes of provocative inside contaminations in the patient (Dinleyici, 2009). These questions will change contingent upon the times of the patients as there are various causes and ramifications of a wicked stool for various youngsters. The newborn children underneath one year old enough may encounter the circumstance b ecause of bosom milk or cow milk colitis. For kids over one year old enough, the condition can happen as a result of ulcerative and Crohn's colitis. Their ages can, subsequently, be an indication of a serious sickness and it is, in this way, fundamental to place into thought. An authentic finding about the requirement for a clinical test is that albeit most cases of grisly stool may be normal for pediatric patients, some of them require analysis as they may be an extreme location infections (Dinleyici, 2009). Bleeding stools for more established kids who are over two years old may be the indications of Bacterial gastroenteritis or even Crohns infection. The most fundamental symptomatic examinations to take are intestinal diseases since they may be the contributing elements to the condition. Instances of expected analysis for this situation may be bacterial gastroenteritis, crohons illness and ulcerative disease. Gastroenteritis determination can fluctuate from food sensitivities and harming, cholera and Ulcerative colitis which are bound to confront the little youngsters. Heaving cases are brought about by numerous components relying upon the periods of the patients in question. Some of the time it may be because of stomach upsets and food contamination, however some others are serious (NCCWCH, 2009). For newborn children, it may be hard to build up the genuine reason for spewing, yet the majority of the occasions it is because of contaminations in the digestion tracts. The circumstance may be shown by higher temperatures of up to 38 C or much higher which requires the requirement for a specialist assessment. The case varies for more established kids whereby retching is for the most part a result of irresistible gastroenteritis. They happen for a brief timeframe in the wake of taking suppers which may contain bacterial poisons. In young people, the circumstance may be like that of kids, whic h are for the most part contaminations. It may, in any case, vary in the instances of pregnancy, gastric ulcers, an overdose of substances and medications, pancreatitis and significantly more for young people (NCCWCH, 2009). As indicated by clinical discoveries, an analysis is vital in the instances of gastroenteritis in youngsters as it may be an indication of serious diseases of the digestive organs which can prompt wellbeing complexities (NCCWCH, 2009). The essential demonstrative examination ought to be of the food consumption that the kid has taken in the previous days to inspect the nearness of poisons. Toxin and hypersensitivities in diet add to Gastroenteritis and should, along these lines, be paid attention to. Since a portion of these patients are too youthful to even think about realizing the outrageous of their torment, guardians ought to consistently examine the circumstance and look for clinical exhortation when required. References Dinleyici, E. C., Eren, M., Yargic, Z. A., Dogan, N., Vandenplas, Y. (2009). Clinical adequacy of Saccharomyces boulardii and metronidazole contrasted with metronidazole alone in kids with intense grisly looseness of the bowels brought about by amebiasis: a planned, randomized, open mark study. The American diary of tropical medication and cleanliness, 80(6), 953-955. National Collaborating Center for Women's and Children's Health;UK. (NCCWCH) (2009). Loose bowels and heaving brought about by gastroenteritis: finding, appraisal and the board in kids more youthful than 5 years.

A Complete History of AP Classes and Controversies

A Complete History of AP Classes and Controversies SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You most likely envision the AP test program as one of the strange early stage powers of the cosmic system, alongside gravity and charges. In any case, in fact, the AP program is just around 60 years of age. From its shamelessly elitist beginnings to its current endeavors to democratize propelled secondary school coursework, read on to find a short history of AP classes and tests, some current AP discussions, and a few musings on the program’s future. History of the AP Program The narrative of the AP program starts during the 1950s. Amidst the Cold War, American policymakers started to expect that secondary school was not enough getting ready understudies for school and post-graduate studyand understudies with cutting edge preparing were seen as a fundamental piece of the American triumph over the Soviet Union.In reaction to the need to all the more likely coordinate auxiliary and college training, the Ford Foundation made the Fund for the Advancement of Education (FAE) in 1951. One of FAE’s introductory examinations included looking at the records of alumni of first class prep schoolsLawrenceville, Exeter, and Andoverwho were seniors at Yale, Harvard, and Princeton. They found that most understudies were taking section level coursework in their first year at school that just rehashed things they had just learned in secondary school. The last report recommended that further developed secondary school understudies be permitted â€Å"advanced placement† in school coursework dependent on test results. In the interim, an equal FAE venture dealt with creating widespread initial school level curriculafor usage in secondary schools. The two examinations together prompted an experimental run program with 27 schools controlling the first AP tests in 1954. After the solid execution of the test-takers when contrasted with school green bean who had taken early on college coursework, ten AP tests were turned out broadly in 1956: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, English Composition, Literature, French, German, Spanish, and Latin. The executives of the AP program was given to the College Board in 1955. In the good 'ol days, no tests were longer than three hours and understudies could take any number of tests for a $10 charge. From the earliest starting point, understudies got scores from 1 to 5, as they do today. The 1960s saw the start of an expanded spotlight on educator preparing and test reviewing normalization to build generally program consistency.Subsequent decades have seen both a gigantic development in the quantity of understudies taking tests and in the quantity of various tests advertised. Numerous test and program corrections have additionally occurred in the midst of worries that the program is one-sided towards understudies of a higher financial status. Throughout the years, the cost of every test has risen drastically. In 2015, every test cost $91. Money related guide was accessible for a $26-28 rebate, yet this despite everything leaves the expense at over $60 per test. There are right now 37 courses, and more than 2 million understudies took more than 4 million AP tests in 2014. There are around 16 million secondary school understudies (everything being equal) in the nation, which implies that one out of eight, or about 12%, took at any rate one AP test a year ago. For additional on the historical backdrop of the AP, see this inside and out article by history educator Eric Rothschild. During the 1960s the AP Program extended, and Buzz Aldrin arranged to go to the moon. Current Controversies For all that AP tests have become a key marker in secondary school coursework meticulousness and an indispensable piece of the secondary school-to-school change, the historical backdrop of AP classesis not without its issues and debates. There are four fundamental issues with the AP program at present under discussion in the national talk on instruction. The Program Is Biased Towards the Privileged Notwithstanding the College Board’s endeavors to make the test reasonable for all and to some degree normalize educational plans, the reality remains that the AP program is best at schools with more assets. These schools can manage the cost of the best instructors, littler class sizes, more up to date course readings, and better innovation, all of which add to getting ready understudies for AP tests. This implies understudies at less well-resourced government funded schools frequently don't get sufficient groundwork for the test, regardless of whether their schools offer AP courses. In this sense, the AP program does little to address genuine training imbalance and may even sustain it. Indeed, even the expense of the test is restrictive to low-salary studentswith budgetary guide, every test is still over $60. The Too-Rapid Expansion of the AP Program A comparable concern is that the quick extension of the AP program has set numerous understudies up to flop on their tests. Some have contended that the College Board pushes APs into low-salary schools and elevates opening AP courses to all understudies (not simply praises level ones) too quickly. At that point, it’s contended, they don’t offer satisfactory help or assets in ensuring schools can really plan understudies for the tests. This fair prompts numerous understudies squandering cash taking tests they are probably going to come up short. The Coursework Is Not College-Level Another normal grievance is that AP coursework isn't a sufficient substitute for early on school coursework. There are worries that AP classes skim an excess of material too rapidly, keeping understudies from creating inside and out information or genuine comprehension of the subject. This prompts understudies being caught off guard for cutting edge level coursework when they utilize their AP coursework to skirt starting classes. A few Schools Are Dropping the AP Program A few schools, most outstandingly the University of Chicago Lab School, are dropping AP courses from their contributions in the midst of worries that the courses keep instructors and understudies from genuinely fulfilling, top to bottom scholarly request of subjects. Obviously, others have called attention to that it’s extremely just esteemed secondary schools that can stand to drop AP classes since, for some schools, AP coursework is the essential marker of scholarly thoroughness on understudy school applications. In that sense, it’s impossible that there will be a mass migration away from the AP program at any point in the near future. Just extravagant schools can drop their AP courses for other propelled coursework. The Future of the AP Program There are, when all is said in done, two significant developments inside the AP program to address a portion of these worries: changing courses and presenting new courses. Course Revisions An enormous number of AP Courses have been as of late reexamined or are presently update. Obviously, each course is extraordinary, however there have been some broad topics to the changes. One significant point is to decrease the substance extent of huge numbers of the courses with the goal that understudies can get more dominance over a smaller range of topic. Another significant change is to concentrate more on basic reasoning and examination skillsan case of this change is the attention on investigating sources on the overhauled history tests. The expectation is that by showing more aptitudes and less substance for repetition remembrance, understudies will acquire solid scholarly skills from AP courses that they can convey forward into school. Presenting New Courses and Programs Another change has been to present some new courses, as AP Computer Science Principles. The most outstanding expansion, be that as it may, is the AP Capstone program, which is intended to contend with IB. To get an AP Capstone certificate, understudies need to take one year of the new AP Seminar course followed by one year of the new AP Research course, notwithstanding four other AP courses. Understudies need to score a 3 or better on all tests/courses to get the AP Capstone recognition. AP Seminar and AP Research are intended to substantially more intently impersonate the vibe of a little school workshop class, with an interdisciplinary concentration and bunches of expanded individual request. The AP Capstone program points both to all the more likely plan understudies for school coursework and to carry more attachment to the AP program by and large. Will future AP tests be delegated by robots? KeyPoints in the History of AP Exams and Courses The AP Program began as an experimental run program during the 50s, in the midst of worries that understudies in secondary school were not being enough arranged for cutting edge coursework and school and graduate education.From its little beginnings, the AP Program has gotten a goliath, with more than 2 million understudies taking AP tests in 2014. In any case, the program isn’t without its faultfinders. There are worries that the program propagates instruction disparity, that it has extended also quickly to get ready schools or understudies for the coursework, and that the coursework isn't school level. Some tip top secondary schools have even dropped their AP programs. In light of a portion of these issues, the College Board is amidst a broad modification process that has limited the substance extent of numerous courses and put an expanded spotlight on scholastic aptitudes and basic reasoning. They have likewise presented the AP Capstone program, an AP confirmation program intended to make an increasingly strong AP experience. Regardless of its issues, it doesn’t appear as though the AP program is going anyplace at any point in the near future. It keeps on being one of the essential markers of thoroughness on a student’s secondary school transcript. However, it will be intriguing to perceive what's in store! What’s Next? Pondering about the new AP Capstone program depicted in this article? See our advisers for AP Seminar, AP Research, the AP Capstone program, and which schools are at present taking part the AP Capstone program. In the event that you’re searching for more data about the AP program, see our articles on whether the College Board is fumbling the AP program and five issues with the AP program. Inquisitive about the IB program, as well? See first experience with the IB program.

How to Write a Good Literature Review

How to Write a Good Literature Review All students need to write a literature review sooner or later. Basically, it’s all about an attempt to create a full account in everything published on the chosen topic. You should place it near the beginning of your academic writing in essays, research papers, and other assignments. Learn how to write a literature review outline to earn good grades. Intro It’s possible to loosely define a literature review as an overview of all related research findings based on your chosen subject. In other words, writing it sets the entire stage for the rest of your academic paper, so it must include what is unknown and what is known. Get a better idea of what makes your study relevant and master the right literature review format. What is a literature review? Your literature review is a brief survey of everything written about a specific topic, research question, or theory. It should provide a background for further work or stand on its own. This paper is not only a basic list of sources, but it also needs to synthesize and analyze data about key issues and themes. Read this comprehensive guide to writing literature review to find out more. Types of literature review There are different approaches that can be used to effectively draft and organize your literature review: Argumentative reviews examine literature selectively to either refute or support a major argument, and its basic purpose is to develop the body of literature that can establish contrarian points of view; Integrative reviews synthesize and critique representative literature on the chosen topic to generate a new perspective or framework; Historical reviews are targeted at examining research within a certain period of time and identify possible directions for future studies; Methodological reviews are focused on specific methods of analysis; Systematic reviews should offer an overview of existing proofs; Theoretical reviews concretely examine a particular theory. What is described in the literature review? The main purpose of any literature review is to provide readers with a critically written account of current research on your topic. Use effective guidelines for writing a literature review and ensure that your paper does the following: Placing every source of information in the context of its contribution to a better understanding of your issue; Determining the area of interest; Identifying new ways to interpret previous research and focusing on its gaps; Describing a connection of every source to others; Pointing the best way for further research. Key elements of good literature review To understand how to write a great literature review, ensure that it contains the following key elements: Objective; Overview of your chosen subject; Clear categories of all sources; Specific position; Discussions of every source and its similarity with others. Structure of literature review Your literature review should be structured well, while your major ideas should flow logically. Be sure to use only relevant and current references cited based on your discipline. Present all viewpoints and terms in a comprehensive and unbiased manner to end up with the best literature review structure. Introduction The introduction must identify your chosen subject, include a strong thesis to outline the conclusions that you want to draw from your literature synthesis and analysis, and offer a discussion of its importance. Don’t forget to explain the role of your review to a specific research question. Body In the main body, you should assess and discuss research based on different organizational principles instead of addressing every source separately. Ensure that every paragraph discusses only one source. Conclusion The conclusion of your literature review must provide a brief summary of your important findings. Explain and provide useful suggestions for future studies to fill existing gaps. References Ensure that all of your references are formatted properly because writing a successful literature review is all about using them. It’s necessary to cite everything you discuss. Steps of writing literature review How to write a review of literature? Start with gathering reliable sources while being focused on your topic. Read them all with a certain purpose in your mind because you need to isolate key issues and themes related to a research question. Next, you should evaluate all sources while considering their credentials and evidence. When comparing them, think about possible gaps, omissions, and conclusions. How to write a literature review step-by-step To learn how to write a literature review paper, take a few basic steps. Ensure that it’s guided by a particular research question and decide on its correct scope, which depends on your academic assignment. Choose some reliable databases to use in your research and make their convenient list. You can find them in local libraries and online. The next step is conducting your research to find updated and relevant literature. Review all abstracts to save a lot of time and take helpful notes. You should use references and bibliographies to find other interesting sources. Review literature while asking a few important questions: What is your research question? Can these sources impact your findings? What are their research methodologies? Are there any conflicting studies? Track your thinking processes at this stage and start writing your literature review after defining its general organizational pattern. Choosing a topic for literature review If you find it hard to choose a good topic for your literature review, use a few helpful tips. Look for the subjects that are not too narrow or too broad. However, ensure that your topic is wide enough to find relevant materials and information, especially when writing a longer article review. Choose something that you like or are interested in because this academic assignment must be a survey of a current field state. The less you know about the chosen subject, the more work you will have to do to provide readers with a better insight of current research. Pick topics that are interesting to other people too. Your chosen subject should be debatable and controversial enough because your article review should contribute to existing knowledge and understanding. Writing literature review outline If you want to earn high grades, but you don’t know how to write a literature review, create its detailed outline. The right structure plays a huge role, just like in any other type of academic writing. Pay attention to detailed assignment guidelines and instructions to understand how to outline your article review correctly. Some of the most popular options include the following: By theme (when there are some strands in your subject that should be considered separately before you put them all together); Chronologically (be sure to write both descriptively and critically); By sector (based on different backgrounds); By the development of ideas (when there are some identifiable stages that should be looked at); By combinations of the above-mentioned methods or your own structure. There are many possible ways to create and organize your literature review outline. All you need to do is to make the one that best fits your topic. Tips and tricks The academic task of writing an efficient and logical literature review is challenging for many students. The good news is that you can use some helpful guidelines to simplify it: Frame it based on your research question; It should be relevant to your study; Make it clear to the audience where it will go; Use original source materials instead of reviews or summaries; Be selective and in control; Be engaged in a dialogue with sources; Treat your literature review as a specific research project. Your basic goal is to provide targeted readers with a clear appreciation of what, why, and how you do after finishing a literature review. Feel free to end it with a statement of your research question. Examples If you have no idea of how to start your literature review, find relevant and updated examples. They will teach you how to complete this academic task and what mistakes to avoid while providing you with excellent ideas and suggestions. Conclusion When writing all the above-mentioned elements of literature reviews, take into account a few basic considerations about viewpoints and authors, including: What are their other studies? Are they really reliable? Are perspectives of these studies subjective or objective? Are all topic sides represented in them? Can they significantly contribute to any broader field? If you want your literature review to provide other people with their relevant understanding of the chosen topic, it’s necessary to achieve these key goals: Emphasizing the need for future topic studies; Identifying new ways to understand research and interpret data; Placing your paper in the context of other works; Resolving existing conflicts in contradictory studies. If any of these steps seem daunting or confusing, you have effective ways to take them successfully. For example, turn to our experienced and trained custom paper writers who know everything about creating the best literature review. Our helpful services are easily available online and they won’t cost you a fortune. Use them to solve all of your academic problems easily and fast while saving a lot of free time.

Spirituality And Spirituality Into Counseling - 1890 Words

Abstract Spirituality is not easily defined; many people tend to confuse spirituality with religion and when they are two completely different things their meaning and how they can be implemented into counseling will be discussed. Spirituality is mostly used in counseling to aid recovery in clients struggling with addiction (Greene Nguyen, 2012). There is pros and cons about integrating spirituality into counseling, is the client open to talk about their spiritual beliefs, is the counselor flexible and knowledgeable to accept other people’s beliefs without forcing his or her beliefs into the client, how can a counselor help a person in need of recovery? These are questions that will lead to discussion to find the possible benefits and struggles that we might encounter when practicing spiritual counseling. INTEGRATING SPIRITUALITY INTO COUNSELING There is many definitions of spirituality and this may cause confusion into understanding how is spirituality used in a counseling setting and for what reason, people’s first thought might be to relate spirituality with religion. Let’s begin by defining what is Spirituality? According to White and Laudet (2006), spirituality can be defined by how it is experienced and what it does for the individual, it conveys experiences that will bring a sense of meaning and purpose in the client’s life, it involves a belief in God or a higher power and also the encounter with one’s inner strength and values. In other wordsShow MoreRelatedIntegrating Spirituality Into Counseling And Counseling2482 Words   |  10 Pages INTEGRATING SPIRITUALITY INTO COUNSELING Ana Cristina Garza Texas AM University Kingsville EDCG 5341- Spirituality Dr. Garza Abstract Spirituality is not easily defined; many people tend to confuse spirituality with religion and when they are two completely different things their meaning and how they can be implemented into counseling will be discussed. Spirituality is mostly used in counseling to aid recovery in clients struggling with addiction (Greene Nguyen, 2012)Read MoreThe Inclusion Of Spirituality Within The Counseling Process1258 Words   |  6 PagesChristian counselor does not only use psychology and theology. McMinn believes that the inclusion of spirituality should be considered and limited only the intradisciplinary approach. It is considered intradisciplinary because it involves both the counselor and the client actively making decisions regarding therapy. McMinn explains that in order for the incorporation of spirituality within the counseling process, the counselor must have reached a certain level of spiritual maturity. The counselor isRead MoreA Review of Therapists Integration of Religion and Spirituality in Counseling1036 Words   |  5 PagesSummary In this meta-analysis of integration of spirituality and religion in the counseling field, the authors seek to understand the skills and attitudes needed to integrate these variables into counseling. Among those that were studied are awareness of one’s own culture and heritage, respect for the diversity found in people concerning spirituality and religion and recognition of one’s helping style and how it may be perceived by clients (Walker, Gorsuch, Tan, 2004). A difficulty that hasRead MorePsychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling by Mark McMinn1464 Words   |  6 PagesLiberty University Abstract In the book, â€Å"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling†, author Mark McMinn gives the reader information on how these three entities can work together in Christian counseling. McMinn offers several ways in which this can be done including the use of prayer, Scripture, confession, forgiveness, the effects of sin, and redemption in counseling sessions. Through narration of counseling vignettes displaying different results, from different approaches demonstratesRead More4-Mat Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling1512 Words   |  7 Pages4-MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Liberty University McMinn, Ph.D., Mark R. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. (1996) 4 MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling Abstract Christian counseling is all about integrating psychology, theology and spirituality into counselor and clients lives. Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling gives insight into how these three perspectives can be used to help individualsRead MoreIntegrating Religious And Spirituality Within Counseling, Explicit Integration, And Integration954 Words   |  4 Pages Summary There are several key concepts in this study. Religion and spirituality are discussed and compared to the knowledge and skills one learns when dealing with multicultural counseling. Walker, Gorsuch, and Tan (2004), there are three approaches to integrating religious and spirituality in counseling, explicit integration, implicit integration, and intrapersonal integration. 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McMinn is a conscious effort to apply all the major elements of Christian faith to the work of counselors. McMinn has created a workable blueprint for Christian counselors by writing at length about Christian faith in and out of the counseling office, psychological health, prayer, scripture, sin, confession, forgiveness, and redemption. In doing so, McMinn has successfully blended modern counseling techniques with ChristianRead MoreA Research Report From Counseling And Values1649 Words   |  7 PagesType of Article Spirituality in the Counselor Education Curriculum: A National Survey of Students Perceptions (Dobmeier Reiner, 2012) is a research report from Counseling and Values. Counseling and Values are a validated journal of the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling (ASERVIC) and a participant of the American Counseling Association. Counseling and Values are a professional periodical of philosophy, research, and a well-versed opinion concerning the interactionsRead MoreSummary Therapists Integration Of Religion And Spirituality921 Words   |  4 PagesSummary-Therapists Integration of Religion Spirituality In this article, there were a 26 survey conducted with 5,579 therapists with the integration of religion and spirituality in counseling. In the study, most therapist consider spirituality through their lives, but does not infrequently participate in religious activities. In the study, it was founded that marriage therapists consider more spirituality during their counseling session than other therapists, and marriage therapists is more likely

The Importance Of Transformational Leadership And The Key...

Decision making essay resit: To support discharge home for end of life care. This essay aims to look at the authors role (a third year student nurse on an elderly ward) in regards to a decision making scenario in which an eighty six year old lady is severely unwell and the decision to support discharge home for end of life care needs to be made. The decision to discharge Barbara home was to be decided upon by the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) and therefore this essay will look into how the decision was made, the role of the author and team as well as the factors that facilitated the decision. It will explore a range of decision making models before identifying the one used (cognitive continuum) and evaluating whether or not it was†¦show more content†¦At a recent yearly routine appointment to dilate her urostomy she was informed that she had kidney stones and was awaiting further guidance. After arriving in AE blood tests and further assessments were completed and it quickly became clear Barbara had a kidney infection, fluids and antibiotics were administered. Two days after admission Barbara showed no signs of improvement and continued to slip in and out of consciousness, at this stage the family were told to prepare for the worst. After Barbara was diagnosed with bladder cancer herself and husband Peter both decided to include do not resuscitate forms (DNR) as part of their will. It was stipulated that if Barbara was going to die Peter wanted her to be at home surrounded by family and friends. This was something that he and the family said Barbara would have wanted. Due to Barbara deteriorating quite quickly the ward sister held an emergency MDT meeting and it was agreed that they would aim to get Barbara home by the following day. This aim was met and two days later Barbara passed away peacefully at home in her sleep. In order for Barbara to return home a variety of decisions had to be made. The aim of these important decisions being to promote positive patient outcomes (Benner, Hughes and Sutphen, 2008). Standing (2014) reports that learning skills and knowledge used within nursing should not be secondary to developing decision making skills, and that in theory decisions should beShow MoreRelatedTransformational Leadership And The Employee Creativity1125 Words   |  5 Pagesrole of transformational leadership in predicting employee creativity. The inquiry prompted the study, â€Å"What is the role of transformational leadership in predicting employee creativity?† Data collection was done using survey questionnaires, using 372 respondents. Measurements entailed a short version of the MLQ to assess employee’s perceptions of transformational leadership. A four-item scale adopted by Tierney was used to measure employee creativity. The main statistical analysis used was aRead More Improving A High Performing Agency Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategies that directors should take into consideration if they want to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their agency. These strategies and components include being an autonomous agency, practicing organizational learning, having strong leadership and implementing institutionalization. One of the first important factors that that must be taken under consideration to achieve a high performing agency is autonomy. An autonomous agency is defined as an one that is free from external influencesRead MoreWeek 7 Leadership Paper1424 Words   |  6 Pages Synthesis Paper: Leadership RES -811 April 22, 2015 Leadership Paper This paper will create a dialogue concerning the following articles and synthesis them to generate a discussion of the common themes that run throughout them, as well as understanding the conclusion of all three articles when taken as one entity. Article 1: Fearless Dominance and the U.S. Presidency: Implications of PsychopathicPersonality Traits for Successful and Unsuccessful Political Leadership by S.O. Lilienfeld, IRead MoreThe Transformational Leadership Model Of A Business Environment1426 Words   |  6 PagesThere are several different theories that can be applied to leadership. Hence, there are no right or wrong theories, purely just diverse perceptions. The trait theory of leadership believes that leaders are born and not made. This theory claims that leadership is inherited, and great leaders are born with natural leadership traits. Zaccaro, S. J. (2007) defines this as a â€Å"unique property of extraordinary individuals whose decisions are capable of sometimes radically changing the streams of history†[Pg6]Read MoreDiversity in Western vs Eastern Transformational Leadership1342 Words   |  6 Pagesin 1985 on leadership in the western world which focused on western leaders and how they influenced their su bordinates. 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The strategic literature highlights leadership style and employee job satisfaction as an especially important influence on organizational innovationRead MoreThe And Transformational Tra nsactional Organizational Theories Of Leadership1735 Words   |  7 Pagescontingency and transformational-transactional organizational theories of leadership. The strategic literature highlights leadership style as an especially important influence on organizational innovation (Garcia-Morales, Jimenez-Barrionuevo, Gutierrez-Gutierrez, 2012). Contingency Theory Contingency theories are based upon the current leadership situation and are subject to change depending on the goal to be achieved (Waters, 2013). In contingency theory, the effectiveness of the leadership style depends

Hospitality Course Free Essays

The hospitality industry is one area where a large number of managers and chefs have become entrepreneurs and successful owners of their own businesses. Being a futuristic person I handle things with great patience, which is the main positive sign that strongly relates me to this esteemed industry. A constant learning process would lead me to improvise on the professional skills required to survive in this field. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospitality Course or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over the years, I see potentials for learning in every situation I find myself. The greatest motivation for me in applying for the Advance Diploma program in ‘hospitality and tourism operations management’ is the opportunity it presents me to get exposed to the travel and tourism sector which is highly associated with the hospitality industry. This sector has grown leaps and bounds over the years and has promising growth potential. I believe that this Advance Diploma course will help me to achieve my ultimate goal, which is to develop myself to establish a career as a manager of a big concern or become an entrepreneur. To fulfill this goal however, I must develop my knowledge required to pilot major problems in this industry and learn to solve complex issues through an integrated approach. The hotelier must have a love for humanity, for humans show their worst side when they are tired and hungry. Being gracious to guests as well as to associates, shows a mastery of the art of hospitality. All these positive efforts had given me great exposure to the core areas of management in terms of all the four major departments – food and beverage, front office, food production and housekeeping to run and expand hotel business in this competitive world you need to have thorough knowledge of management as well. It will be an interesting work place where each day offers new challenges with never a dull moment, thereby making it extremely enjoyable. The industry offers a well rounded personality development for the individual and although there is glamour and show business, there are also a lot of hard work and long hours as well. I have demonstrated capacity and a unique ability in me to thrive in the midst of challenges. I believe this attitude would be of help particularly when real-life work challenges are presented and discussed. MY AIM: Business has come to me from my family. It has always fascinated me from my childhood. It’s my dream as well as aim too to open a chain of restaurants in famous cities at the world level as because working at 5-star hotels, luxurious resorts, restaurants, clubs, on cruise lines, and more are always there in my imagination of work. And hence to full fill my objective and to quench my thirst for knowledge, diploma studies in hotel management will definitely help me keep up-to-date with the fast moving world. PREFERENCE FOR HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT: Keen interest in hotel management right from my teen age inspired me to develop my career for the same. The Diploma in hospitality management course taught at Georgian College, Canada, which provides a launch pad for progression to the hotel and resort Business in India. All business is competitive; companies and organization are striving to maximize the return on the application of their limited resources. To make more profit, to gain market share or to position themselves as being the no. 1 company in their field, whatever their objectives they will only be achieved by the application of sound management. PREFERENCE FOR CANADA: The world of today, as we know is a tough world Expertise and specialization are of great demands in today’s era of competition. International exposure, study in depth and practical experience in the field of hotel management are the most important factors for a student’s career and above all education from developed and advance country in the world, where the latest and most advance equipment facilities and opportunities for learning and acquiring detailed knowledge in a systematic way are available, which is not the case in other country. I feel CANADA is the pioneer and best place to full fill this requirement as all the latest trends are almost always seen emerging from this part of the globe and the rest of the world seems to follow suit, main view of the aforesaid background, I have found the course at Georgian college most existing, interesting and ideally suited to my requirements and ambitions. I look forward to have a meaningful tenure, which would help me launch a successful career. To conclude with a wide range of interests but definite goals, I am attracted to the advance diploma program at Georgian College which would suit me well and offer me perfect academic environment. It would be a great privilege if I am granted the opportunity to pursue my graduate studies at your reputed institution and I am quite confident that I will match the high standards set by your college. How to cite Hospitality Course, Papers

Fantastic University

Question: Write an essay onFantastic University. Answer: Fantastic University is a non-profit organization, which intends to start a building project, amounted to $6.5 million. The organization uses to own a handsome amount of endowment fund. It is appreciated with triple A rating in terms of credit rating. Inspite of having enough internal fund and scope of bond financing, the management wish to finance the project out of its net operational income. The report is prepared to analyze the various sources of project financing and suggest the suitable source to the management. For this purpose, all the sources are critically overviewed along with the related advantages and disadvantages. Various consequences are also examined to co-relate with the project and with the organization to determine how any particular decision will affect the organizations financial structure and operation. Project Finance:- According to International Project Finance Association, project finance can be explained as the financing procedure for long- term infrastructure and public services, where the project cost, in terms of debt and equity, used for financing the project, are used to be paid off out of the net revenue or the net cash flow, generated from the project. The definition has given more focus on the financial activities of profit-seeking organization. For non-profit organization, the project finance may be defined as the process of sourcing the fund for financing any project, which will be covered by the net reserve fund, generated from financial activities. Generally, the project costs for non-profit organizations, especially university, are acquired from donations made by trustees government, endowment fund of the organization or by debt financing. Project Finance Model:- Before starting any project or planning for project finance, it is necessary to prepare an estimated financial cost structure on the basis of estimated inputs of the project. It will help to get an idea how much cost would be required periodically and also about the potential impacts of various funding options on the financial operation of the organization. For this purpose, project finance model is used to be prepared for asses the capability of the project or the organization to cover the operating costs and the debt expenses, if any, over the total period of the period. The main financial tool, used for the model, is the Estimated Cash Flow Statement. From the estimation, the organization can determine how much cash, it would require at any certain period of the project. Moreover, it can also provide the information whether the organization would be able to cover the additional debt expenses out of its operational cash inflow. Assessment of the Sources for Project Financing:- The most important part of project finance planning, is to determine the suitable finance structure. A suitable financial structure should include those financial sources, which can be more beneficial for the project or the organization. It is a common misconception that the sources, which would not cause any additional expenses, are more beneficial. It has been observed in many cases, that the additional expenses can be very useful for enjoying tax benefits and are proved to be cost effective than other sources. The cost effectiveness of any financing source depends on its nature, taxation and government policies and the nature of the project. Therefore, to determine the suitable project finance structure for Fantastic University, the possible financing options are discussed in detail below:- 1)Utilization of Endowment Fund:- Endowment fund is the most common investment funds, maintained by the non-profit organizations in United States. Endowment fund is generally created from the donations and excess revenues, generated from the operations. The endowment fund is mainly utilized for the operational activities and capital expenditures. Apart from that, it is also used for various specific purposes, such as, endowing professorship or student scholarships. The total fund is used to be invested in various investments and the expenses are met by the interest or dividend, earned from the investment, whereas, the principal fund is kept intact (Dimmock, 2012). Advantages:- As discussed above, endowment fund is common source of project financing for the non-profit organizations. The management may use the endowment fund for the building project. The main advantage of using the endowment fund, is that the organization does not have to bear any additional interest expense for the project. There will be no extra burden on the operational activities to cover the project expenses. Moreover, in the recent past, it has been observed that the total amount of donation to the universities and other educational institutions by non-government organizations or individuals has reduced as many universities were not utilizing the endowment funds properly. Therefore, if the organization would spend its endowment fund for development of the infrastructure, the donators might increase their donations. It would result in increase of the revenue of the organization. Disadvantage:- The endowment fund is created not only for capital expenditures, but also for other special purposes. Therefore, if the fund is used for the building project, the organization may face problems to provide scholarship or professorship to deserved candidates. Moreover, this type of fund is also utilized to assist the operational activities. Hence, in future, the organization may suffer from shortage of funds in regard to continue its daily operations. 2) Bond Financing:- Bond financing is a form of debt financing, which is provided by the local government authority to the non-profit organizations. The interest rate is very low in comparison to the conventional borrowings. These bonds are widely used for financing developments projects of the non-profit organizations. Generally, the non-profit organizations use to borrow bonds from the government in exchange of credit enhancements, assets or other securities. Then the non-profit organizations use to appeal the investors to invest in the bond (Ke,2013). Advantages:- The bond hold by the organization is credited with Triple A rating. Therefore, it will not have any problem to find potential investors for the bond investment. Moreover, the interest rate of the bonds are also very low and the organization can enjoy tax benefit from such financing policy also. Disadvantages:- For the bond financing, though the interest is lower, the organization have to pay it on monthly or quarterly basis. Hence, it should have the financial strength to pay the interest on regular basis. Moreover, the principal amount of such debt has to be paid at one time. The organization may have problems to pay huge amount, which may affect its future operational activities. 3) Funding from General Business Operation:- The profit and non-profit organizations also use to create funds from its normal operational activities and utilize the fund for project financing. This is another common way of raising funds from own resources. The organizations, who have steady source of income, use to follow this method. Advantages:- Like, endowment fund, financing from general revenues, also uses to help the organization to avoid additional expenses, in terms of interest. Moreover, the organization can utilize its endowment funds for other purposes only by adopting this source of financing. Disadvantages:- The organization should have the capacity to earn enough revenue to cover the periodical project costs. Such financing method may prevent the organization from spending its revenues for other purposes. Moreover, the project cost is based on estimation. If in the future the actual cost of the project increases, the organization will face great difficulty to complete the project as being an educational institution, its revenue generation is more or less fixed (McKinney,2015). Recommendation:- The endowm ent fund is the most commonly used financing sources for the capital projects of educational institutions. It does not have any interest expenses. On the other hand, the organizations use to utilize this fund for its operation and other specific purposes. Therefore, by utilizing the endowment fund, the management may face fund shortages for other operational activities. higher rate of revenue generation till the ending of the project. For an educational institution, where the main source of income is donation and grants, it is not possible to maintain a steady income rate for a long period. Therefore, it may be suggested that the most appropriate source of financing the project will be the bond financing. As the interest rate is lower, it will not be a cause of huge burden on the organization. The organization will also get tax exemption for the interest. For the repayment of the loan, the organization can create a reserve, where it will transfer some of its monthly earnings at end of each month (Wagner, 2013). As, there will be no fixed rate of savings, it will not hamper the daily operational activity. If at the end of the debt period, the organization cannot save enough fund for the repayment, the shortfall can be covered out of the endowment fund.

Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 Essay Example

Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 Essay Case: UnME Jeans: Branding Web 2. 0 Solution #1 I think Margaret Foley is not spending enough on internet marketing as per her current media plan. According to Exhibit 1, UnME has projected the highest media budget is slotted for Television and the lowest for online banner and search marketing. I think that UnME should increase their expenditure for Online marketing due the emergence of Web 2. 0 that has attracted a lot curiosity among marketers and the users. I suggest that Ms. Foley reduce her advertising budget for newspaper by at least 10% and reduce budget allocated to television and radio by a small margin. The target market for UnME is teenage girls who are social, taste leaders in their communities and valued brand for their unique features. This audience was showing a clear shift from traditional media channels to Web 2. 0. The reasons being: Lack of control over the information they acquire on television, newspapers and radio. Overwhelmed by advertisers and cluttering of ads on the mediums. Emergence of new technology in hardware and software gave consumers more control over the type of ads they want to see and the content they wish to engage in. For UnME, the advantages of allocating a higher percentage of the budget on online marketing are: Appropriate audiences for the company can now be targeted with more accuracy and with increased efficiency. Since teenage girls would be part of social media communities and use the internet to obtain their choice of information, advertisers would easily locate them and display their ads on such virtual places. We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unme Jean Branding Web 2.0 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union

Separation of Church and State in the European Union The European Union, the intergovernmental organization between 25 European nations, faces many challenges concerning where it will go, how it will develop, and how and when it will expand. As its work continues and further develops, the Member States take many steps to be more united and uniform. Such developments are the birth of the Euro as the EU‘s monetary unit and the abolition of borders between the Member States except the United Kingdom. The writing of the EU Constitution is another development. However, this one has raised much controversy over one issue: the omission of religious reference in the Constitution. This issue raises many questions, and one of them is whether the EU should seek standard policy regarding the state-church relationships of the Member States. Perhaps a coherent way to look at and discuss this question is by comparing the EU to another union, such as the United States. The difference between their structures and developments can point out how the EU should behave about the separation of church and state. The US, being a federation, believes that constitutionally, the church and state should be separated. This policy helps the US function as a successful body, under the principles it has set. However, unlike the US, the EU does not need to find a uniform way in dealing with the church-government relationships in order to function as a successful body, since the EU has no central gover nment and is not an organization which interferes with the strictly internal policies of the Member States. The US developed in such a way that a uniform in church-state relationships is needed. Ever since the colonial period, there was an established religion in some of the colonies. For instance, New England had a Puritan domination, and the Colony of Virginia had the Anglican Church as official religion. However, with the Revolutionary War, these ... Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union Free Essays on The Separation Of Church And State In The European Union Separation of Church and State in the European Union The European Union, the intergovernmental organization between 25 European nations, faces many challenges concerning where it will go, how it will develop, and how and when it will expand. As its work continues and further develops, the Member States take many steps to be more united and uniform. Such developments are the birth of the Euro as the EU‘s monetary unit and the abolition of borders between the Member States except the United Kingdom. The writing of the EU Constitution is another development. However, this one has raised much controversy over one issue: the omission of religious reference in the Constitution. This issue raises many questions, and one of them is whether the EU should seek standard policy regarding the state-church relationships of the Member States. Perhaps a coherent way to look at and discuss this question is by comparing the EU to another union, such as the United States. The difference between their structures and developments can point out how the EU should behave about the separation of church and state. The US, being a federation, believes that constitutionally, the church and state should be separated. This policy helps the US function as a successful body, under the principles it has set. However, unlike the US, the EU does not need to find a uniform way in dealing with the church-government relationships in order to function as a successful body, since the EU has no central gover nment and is not an organization which interferes with the strictly internal policies of the Member States. The US developed in such a way that a uniform in church-state relationships is needed. Ever since the colonial period, there was an established religion in some of the colonies. For instance, New England had a Puritan domination, and the Colony of Virginia had the Anglican Church as official religion. However, with the Revolutionary War, these ...

Foundations of Management for Healthcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Foundations of Management for Healthcare - Essay Example Taylor was one of the main contributors in the theory of scientific management. In fact, he is referred to as the father scientific management. Taylor proposes that organisation need to do a study on tasks and then develop appropriate procedures (Cliffsnotes par 3). For instance, organizations can make calculations on how to improve the performance of its employees by using correct procedures and movements. According to Taylor, people are significantly motivated by money. The study conducted by Tylor on the steel company Indicated that An organisation can significantly increase its product by the use of appropriate management practices in organisation of the tasks (Cliffsnotes part 4). The study further indicated that employees’ productivity can be improved though effective management and arrangement of activities in an organisation. For instance, the employees’ productivity increased significantly. This can be realized through development of the appropriate incentives to induce employees to put more effort. This contribution was of great significance in the management of organizations. This principle can be of great significant in the heath care. Application of this principle can lead to an increase in the level of employees’ productivity hence increased level of services. According to Mayo, for an organisation to be successful, it should not only consider the monetary needs of its employees, but also the non monetary needs (Scribd par 4). According to this principle, people are motivated by social needs as well as good job relationships. In addition, people will tend to be better to work in a group relationship rather than individuals. According to this principle, satisfaction of psychological needs should be packed in the front line in every organisation. McGregor did an intensive examination of the theories of individual behaviors at the workplace. Through this examination, he

Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet Essay

Power, Ideology, and Terror in the Atomic Age Worksheet - Essay Example Therefore, nuclear development defied power, such that the more weapons and bombs a country made the more the power it gained over the others. The number of countries producing nuclear weapons continued to increase where in1961, UK and France had successfully produced and tested nuclear bombs. In addition, at the end of 1964 China joined the list to become the fifth in nuclear bombs production. In 1968, 21 countries approved a non-proliferation treaty that prohibited any more production of nuclear bombs with the aim of creating a nuclear weapons-free zone. Lastly by 1991 more members had joined the treaty making the treaty the world greatest arms control agreement. There are three significant events that happened during the cold war that help define the war. These include Berlin airlift, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the fall of the Berlin wall. The first event on Berlin airlift occurred in 1948 where Germany was divided amongst the victors of World War two which are US, UK, France and Soviet. The second event on soviet invasion of Afghanistan occurred on 24th December 1979. This was a strategy since Soviet took advantage of the counties divided focus and instability to attack it without its knowledge. Lastly, the fall of Berlin wall that occurs in 1989. The fall of this wall symbolizes the ending of the cold warfare. The fall of Berlin wall do not only symbolize the ending of the cold warfare, but also the collapse and revolution of communism in Europe. For more than 40 years, the soviet had imposed community rules that had divided the west from the east. However, reformers under social movement and the ant-communist trade union put an end to this in 1998 to form a centralized and one Europe. The main factors that caused the collapse of communism were the reform movement and the solidarity of the reformist. In conclusion, this paper gives a clear description of the cold

Contrast Of Films And Literature Film Studies Essay

Contrast Of Films And Literature Film Studies Essay There are many things to be considered when comparing literature and film. Using the knowledge gained in class, the differences between literature and film will be explained with a focus on the film and literature of Oedipus Rex. This play makes you think and shows us how important the theater was and still is as a way of communicating a playwrights ability to build something from the inside out. In addition, adapting literature to a film is a challenge for sure, and since the beginning, films have been considered the realm of the actors and the script itself. The process of characters construction, the techniques, the language, and the references are very important aspects to be considered while making films because after all they are based on the play itself, which the directors will reduce in size to fit in a time frame between one and three hours. By looking and thinking critically, plays and films are dedicated to each other; films are just a new way of thinking. Many films were made based on books which were used to tell a story about something. For example, telling the reader or the viewer about the life of a person doomed to be destroyed by its own wrong doings; a kingdom whose people are suffering because of political arrogances due to family problems including a drunk king that cares about his own well-being; or a love story ending in tragedy dramatized by the separation of the two main characters. Of course there is more to these stories that films do not always depict, in some cases the literary text makes us think about morals, gives us advice, or poses questions about real life circumstances. Sometimes the film does not always portray this and a more in-depth analysis will be found by reading the actual play. The video created in 1984, Oedipus the King with Michael Pennington, Claire Bloom and John Shrapnel, translated and directed by the late Don Taylor, can show the spectacular performances of all the actors, especially King Oedipus. The techniques used by the director draws attention, while the other elements used in the video including the sound, light, and fog direct you to another point of view and create the reality of the situation. The costumes were appropriate for the time period, except for the main character, Oedipus the King was dressed in a white suit while the others were dressed for the correct time period. Maybe this decision was made by the director to separate Oedipus from the rest of the actors, or it is possible it could be a mistake not realized until after the film was done. The film is fantastic but it cannot be, in any way, a replacement for the original play by Sophocles. (http://www.encyclopedia.com/video/OpqVmviDEvk-oedipus-king-part-212.aspx) One of the differences among the film and the play is the approach for understanding. If people who has recently read the play and have been asked what the play intends to tell, it is possible to have some different answers, which will be in accordance with the concerns and priorities of each reader. Now, if a group of people was just done watching the video and have been asked the same questions, even after the film not being the same as the original script, the possibility of having the same answer is much more like because the film captures the viewers attention at the same time by all the effects used. The version of Oedipus the King starring Christopher Plummer, made in 1967 by U.K production directed by Philip Saville, brought the story to life. In the beginning of the film we can see Oedipus as adult attacking his father on the wagon and killing him. This part is presented as slides of pictures to demonstrate how it began; each picture can be used as a flash back, as you watching the film, to explain a little more about the details and the use of images as an alternative from language used for plays. Sometimes people can lose interest reading the play, but with the growing fascination and effects of films its almost impossible to lose concentration in what is going on. (http://www.youtube.com/watch#!videos=atN3Ko8Ni3Mv=EUzr-48JIwM) The Chorus in this video, with no doubts, calls the attention of the viewers and carries a very important part of the video. It symbolizes the people of Thebes and acts as a guide, directing our attention to the truth about what is going on. In addition, it acts as the voice of reason, when Oedipus does not. After each part, the chorus has a task which is to clarify and guide the audience to what is happening with more details, explanations and sometimes mediators. For example when Tiresias reveals Oedipus fate to the Chorus, the chorus remains inert: But that a mortal seer knows more than I know-where Hath this been proven? Or how without sign assured, can I blame Him who saved our State when the winged songstress came, Tested and tried in the light of us all, like gold assayed? How can I now assent when a crime is on Oedipus laid? (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31/31-h/31-h.htm / (Ant. 2) after last words of Teiresias) Most of the Greek plays written were done in very different society than the one we live in today and most of the time it was presented to one entire community in which were used to seeing and experiencing this kind of activity at that time. This is one of the main challenges in which directors face today to produce a film. The directors have to work not only with the spectacular mythical traditions of the play but they have to somehow combine the old tactics into a modern way to draw the attention of viewers. (http://wogone.com/iq/Sophocles_Oedipus_Rex_in_Modern_Film.pdf) One of the differences between literature and the films are the interpretations. Most of the audiences today grown without the recognition of ancient literature and begin their journeys focusing directly to films. After learning that about the particular film they have watched was made from a play or a book, the viewers can become more interested to the subject and most of the times they find themselves reading the scripts. In a dissertation undertaken as part of the requirements for the degree of B.A. joint honors in Classical Literature, Civilization and Russian Studies called Sophocles Oedipus Rex in Modern Film using the film done by Pier Pasolini, an Italian poet, intellectual, film director, writer and creator of Oedipus Rex filmed in the summer of 1967, N. Woodbridge from the University of Birmingham wrote: Another major choice facing the director is whether to produce modern tragedy in the medium of the theatre or of film. Theatre is often considered more conducive to Greek tragedy as it was the original medium used. Film can be thought to be incompatible with Greek tragedy as there are obvious difficulties in transferring plays which have existed for 2500 years into a medium that has only existed in the last century. (http://wogone.com/iq/Sophocles_Oedipus_Rex_in_Modern_Film.pdf / line 31) In this work Pasolini had a true vision based on the original work of Sophocles. The movie adaptation is considered by many to be a frustrating and boring film while others classify as a beautiful work. Many also felt that the double period of time was a bit confusing, modern at the beginning and end of the film and basically ancient in the middle. However, Pasolini used a chronological order showing the full circle of his work. In addition, his work was very close to the original work of Sophocles, it shows that the life of Oedipus was predetermined and governed by his fate. The dedication and talent of Pasolini and his production team were the main input responsible for the perfect adaptation of this famous tragedy into film version. The tragedy of Oedipus, whether written or in film, shows the values given by the Greek tradition. Reading or watching people somehow sympathize with Oedipus, crying to his tragic fate and at the same time purifying the emotions of the readers and viewers. The tragic error of Oedipus was his pride and arrogance to his indestructibility. People also can feel suspense and fear because the reader knows what will happen to Oedipus in the end. The perfect demonstration of how life can change and show a person cannot, in any way, diverts its fate. Sophocles used a combination of special intelligence and creativity by mixing mythology and tragedy into this perfect play. Without a doubt, all tragedies created by Sophocles are considered exceptional for its quality of work and its power, bringing more attention into our new generation.

Parenting Styles in Different Cultures Essay

Parenting style is one of many factors that strongly influence child development. One’s choice of parenting style is most often molded by their cultural background. American parents use a myriad of parenting styles, all of which have their roots in various cultural beliefs about which method is best to raise a child. In 1971, clinical and developmental psychologist, Diana Baumrind, recognized three different categories of parenting styles that she believed described most parents’ methods (Berger, 2011). Parents who fell into the authoritarian style of parenting set high standards and strict rules for their children. Disobedience was not tolerated and was met with harsh consequences, often physical. The authoritarian parent rarely showed affection or concern for their children’s emotional needs. On the other side of the spectrum was a permissive style of parenting that was characterized by no boundaries or discipline, but did include a lot of parental involvement and affection. Authoritative parenting was the third style Baumrind identified. She believed this style produced the most happy, well-adjusted, and successful children and adolescents (Baumrind, 1971). An authoritative parent set high clear standards for their children. They respected their children’s opinions and concerns and offered plenty of support and encouragement. This style is often referred to as the balanced or â€Å"democratic† style. Later a fourth category was added by Maccoby and Martin, who recognized a neglectful parenting style (Berger, 2011; Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The neglectful parent provided for the basic needs of their children, but nothing else. This style involved no demands, boundaries, emotional support, guidance or affection. The mother and father that utilized this method basically detached from their children. While these four categories are still widely used today to classify the types of parenting, many recent studies indicate that the results of Baumrind’s research are not culturally universal. â€Å"Parenting styles developed on North American samples cannot be simply translated to other cultures, but instead must reflect their sociocultural contexts† (Chao, 1994). This paper will further research the variability of effective parenting styles across cultures and explore some of the reasons for these variations. Based on the results of initial research and subsequent studies, Baumrind was a firm advocate of the authoritative parenting style claiming that it was the most successful of the parenting types in producing a positive child outcome (Baumrind, 1971). Authoritarian parenting tended to raise children who performed well academically and had a low involvement in problem behavior. However, they also had â€Å"poorer social skills, lower self-esteem, and higher levels of depression† (Darling, 1999). In contrast, while permissive parenting tended to raise children who had higher levels of self-esteem and were better socialized, they didn’t perform well in school and exhibited more problem behavior (Baumrind, 1991). Children raised by neglectful parents had the most negative results, with poor academic performance, low self-esteem, and high involvement in problem behavior (Baumrind, 1991). For years these results were extrapolated and generalized to describe all families and, although her work continues to be influential (Berger, 2011), many recent studies have found Baumrind’s conclusions regarding the success and failure rate of each of the parenting styles to be inaccurate when applied to a broader population. This is primarily due to her ethnocentric research design (Chao, 1994). The demographic for Baumrind’s study sample consisted of 100 preschool children that were mainly of white, European-American, middle-class families in California (Berger, 2011). Influential variables such as culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family size, religion, and the individual temperaments of both parent and child were not controlled or accounted for. If they were, very different results would have been found because each culture has different goals, values, and expectations of their citizens. Thus, the children will be socialized under different conditions. Aut horitarian and permissive parenting styles practiced in select cultures outside of the European-American context exemplify this. Criticized by many Westerners for its harshness and controlling approach, authoritarian parenting has found more success in Asian and Arab cultures (Grusec, Rudy, & Martini, 1997; Dwairy et al., 2006). In Asian cultures, which would include the Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, etc., Confucian principles are strongly embraced, and therefore, profoundly shape social relationships and moral ethics. In particular, Confucius stressed that a person should respect and obey authority without question, and to seize every opportunity to learn and perfect oneself (Chao, 1994). Rooted in this philosophy, Asians have chosen to use a very strict, controlling, and restrictive approach to parenting. Recently adding fuel to the notion that Asian’s authoritarian parenting style is harsh, oppressive, and sometimes even cruel, is the controversial book, â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom,† by Amy Chua (2011), a Professor of Law at Yale Law School. Chua’s book shares her experiences raising her two daughters â€Å"the Chinese way.† Some of her memoirs describing her authoritarian parental tactics were viewed by the American public as disturbing. Chua (2011) shares that she never allowed her daughters to have a play date, be in a school play, attend overnights, date boys, attend school dances, watch TV or movies, or make any grade less than an A in school. Furthermore, she required her girls to be number one in every class, drilled them daily in Math and Chinese, and made them practice violin and piano three hours a day. Chua recognizes that she was intentionally very strict like most traditional Chinese families, but she was very involved and loving as well. Chua admits to threatening, yelling, and even calling her children degrading names at times in order to motivate them. She believes that most Westerners cringe at this type of parenting approach because they are interpreting her methods based on Western culture instead of Chinese culture. What Asian parents and children recognize as a training environment, Westerners interpret as a controlling one. Ruth Chao (1994), from the University of California, points out a critical difference between Western and Asian authoritarian parenting. The Western version described by Baumrind, â€Å"emphasizes an absolute standard of conduct from children without explaining, listening, or providing emotional support† (Baumrind, 1971). Chao (1994) describes authoritarian parenting as, â€Å"encompassing a set of standards of conduct enforced by parents and the community. These standards are imposed not to dominate the child, but rather to assure familial and societal goals of harmonious relations with others and the integrity of the family unit.† Based on these different interpretations of authoritarian parenting, it is apparent why the two culture’s results are so dissimilar. Among European-Americans, the style is associated with parental hostility and dominance (Martà ­nez, 2008). But for most Asian children, parental obedience and strictness is usually interpreted as parental concern, caring, and involvement, motivated by their parents’ belief that they are capable of excelling (Chao, 1994). Because they feel loved and supported by their parents, Asian children have higher self-esteem when raised with the authoritarian style than do European-American adolescents (Chao, 1994). Similarly, some studies have shown that in Arab societies, authoritarian parenting is not associated with low self-esteem or other negative effects on adolescents’ mental health as it is in Western societies (Dwairy, Achoui, Abouserie, & Farah, 2006). The permissive or indulgent parenting style is often considered too lax by the European-American culture. They found that with this approach children and adolescents were â€Å"more likely to be involved in problem behavior and perform less well in school, but they had a higher self-esteem, better social skills, and lower levels of depression† (Darling, 1999). Like authoritarian parenting however, permissive parenting has found more success outside of the European-American culture. For example, in a research study designed to establish which parenting style is associated with optimum youth outcomes among adolescents of Spanish families, the results found indulgent parenting to be the best approach in the Spanish cultural context (Garcà ­a & Gracia, 2009). This study attributed permissive parenting’s high success rate in Spain and Italy to the style’s compatibility with their â€Å"horizontal collectivist† culture (Garcà ­a & Gracia, 2009). Horizontal collectivism â€Å"perceives the self as a part of the collective and sees all members of the collective as the same; thus equality is stressed† (Singelis et al., 1995). Therefore, parenting styles that lack a hierarchal parent-child relationship, are low in strictness, and high in affection work best. In their study, Garcà ­a and Gracia (2009) found that Spanish adolescents raised by indulgent parents had higher self-esteem, were more socialized, and performed well in school. Garcà ­a and Gracia (2009) concluded that the most successful parenting style was determined by a country’s culture type, based on the dimensions of equality value and perception of self. The findings of other research studies seem to support this conclusion. Martà ­nez and Garcà ­a (2008) conducted a similar study in Brazil, another horizontal collectivist culture, and found that permissive parenting was favored there as well. Another study in Mexico found that authoritative and permissive parenting had equally positive outcomes (Martà ­nez, Garcà ­a, & Yubero, 2007). Garcà ­a and Gracia (2009) use their theoretical idea to account for the variance of preferred parenting styles across cultures, stating: In a cultural context, such as Spain, which has been described as horizontal collectivistic, egalitarian rather than hierarchal relations are emphasized, and strictness in parental practices would not have the positive meaning they would have in other contexts such as the United States—characterized by vertical individualism—or Asian cultures—characterized by vertical collectivism. This statement would explain the success of strict authoritarian parenting in Asiatic and Arab countries and authoritative parenting in the United States. Neglectful or uninvolved parenting is the least successful parenting style in European-American culture (Berger, 2011; Darling, 1999). In fact, it is universally viewed as a destructive approach to child development (Darling, 1999). A child who receives the message that they are worthless or unloved is going to have very low self-esteem and suffer from weak social skills. Very often, children with uninvolved parents stop relying on their parents and try to provide for themselves so they don’t feel the sting of rejection and disappointment. A study by Maccoby and Martin (1983) researched adolescents between the ages of 14-18 in four areas: psychological development, school achievement, internalized distress, and problem behavior. Their results concluded that adolescents from homes with neglectful or uninvolved parents scored the lowest in all areas (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). Another more recent study performed at Brigham-Young University indicated that teens from homes that prov ided accountability and warmth were least prone to heavy drinking (Bahr & Hoffmann, 2010). This does not fair well for children raised by the neglectful approach because both warmth and accountability are absent. Although authoritative parenting isn’t as generalizable as Baumrind once thought, it is still more widely successful across cultures than any of the other styles. Many of the studies mentioned in this paper found that, if authoritative parenting was not the most successful in producing a positive child outcome, then it was almost always the second most effective. This was the case among Arab, Asian, Spanish, Brazilian, and Mexican adolescents (Grusec et al., 2007; Dwairy et al., 2006; Garcà ­a & Gracia, 2009; Martà ­nez & Garcà ­a, 2008; Martà ­nez et al., 2007). However, the United States isn’t the only country in which authoritative parenting outranks the other styles in producing a positive child outcome. Research has shown that Great Britain finds this parenting type most effective as well. One study, conducted by Tak Wing Chan (2011) from Oxford University, found that British children raised in authoritative homes were associated with high self-esteem and well-being, and were less likely to engage in problem behavior, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, or have friends who used drugs. Additionally, when compared to those from permissive and authoritarian families, authoritative-raised adolescents made higher grades and stayed in school longer (Chan & Koo, 2011). The French also seem to advocate an authoritative style of parenting. In the recent book by Pamela Druckerman entitled, â€Å"Bringing Up Bà ©bà ©,† a work that people have been calling the next â€Å"Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom,† the author explained French methods for parenting (Kingston, 2012). During an interview, Druckerman said of French parenting that, â€Å"it’s a balance between what North Americans view as old-school parenting where parents have a lot of authority, and a much more modern form of parenting where they speak to children and listen to them but don’t feel they must do everything children say† (Kingston, 2012). This description certainly falls in to Baumrind’s definition of authoritative parenting. In a study of French adolescents regarding parenting style and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, researchers found that adolescents whose parents provided both parental control and emotional support were less likely to partake in activities involving those substances (Choquet et al., 2008). While this paper could continue on and on, its point has clearly been made that culture plays a large factor in determining the most effective parenting style. Based on the information gathered, one can see that Baumrind’s conclusion declaring the authoritative style as the best form of parenting cannot be accurately applied to all families across all cultures. It is not as simple as translating her model of parenting to fit other cultural contexts, because each culture has a different set of values, ideologies, history, and goals. Behaviors are not interpreted in the same way. Even in the United States, Braumind’s model does not always fit. For example, low socioeconomic status is associated with a more strict authoritarian style (Berger, 2011). African-Americans are also associated with more parental control and blended families bring in multiple parenting styles. As demonstrated by Americans’ criticisms toward Asian parenting, it is important to not stereotype other cultures parenting approaches because they might not be accurately interpreted. References Bahr, S.J., Hoffmann, J.P. (2010). Parenting style, religiosity, peers, and adolescent heavy drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(4), 539-543. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(1, Part 2). Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. Child development today and tomorrow (p. 349-378). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance abuse. Journal of Early Adolescents, 11, 56-95. Berger, K. (2011). The developing person through the life span. (8 ed.). New York: WORTH. Chan, T. W., & Koo, A. (2011). Parenting style and youth outcomes in the uk. European Sociological Review, 27(3), 385-399. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcq013 Chao, R.K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111-1119. Choquet, M., Hassler, C., Morin, D., Falissard, B., & Chau, N., (2008). Perceived parenting styles and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use among French adolescents: Gender and family structure. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 43(1), 73-80. Chua, A. (2011, January 8). Why chinese mothers are superior. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704111504576059713528698754.html Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlates. Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education, 1-3. Retrieved from ERIC database (ED427896). Dwairy, M., Achoui, M., Abouserie, R., & Farah, A. (2006). Parenting styles in Arab societies: A first cross-regional research study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(4), 1-18. Garcia, F., & Gracia, E. (2009). Is always authoratative the optimum parenting style? evidence from spanish families. Adolescence , 44(173), 101-131. Grusec, J.E., Rudy, D., & Martini, T. (1997). Parenting cognitions and child outcomes: An overview and implications for children’s internalization of values. Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory (p. 259-282). New York: Wiley. Kingston, A. (2012). Why the french are better parents: The interview. Retrieved from http://www2.macleans.ca/2012/02/10/why-the-french-do-it-better-and-why-your-toddler-should-be-eating-braised-endives/ Maccoby, E.E., Martin, J.A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of child psychology, 4, 1-101. Martà ­nez, I., Garcà ­a, J. F., & Yubero, S. (2007). Parenting styles and adolescents’ self-esteem in Brazil. Psychological Reports, 100, 731-745. Martà ­nez, I., & Garcà ­a, J. F. (2008). Internalization of values and sel f-esteem among brazilian teenagers from authoratative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful homes. Adolescence, 43(169), 13-29. Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-cultural research, 29(3), 240-275. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Horizontal collectivism is a term that comes from a two-dimensional concept in which the horizontal-vertical spectrum measures the value of equality versus the emphasis on hierarchy, and the individual-collective spectrum measures the perception of self as an independent individual versus the perception of self as a part of the collective or community (Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk, & Gelfand, 1995).

Global Wine War Essay

Introduction Human beings have been dealing with wine for thousands of years, from the Mesopotamians to the ancient Egyptians, from the Greeks to the ancient Romans, the latter which under their vast empire spread viticulture through the Mediterranean region. Through centuries countries, such as France and Italy, obtained a consolidated position in the wine industry, both in demand and production. In the last part of the 20th century newcomers (Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile, USA, etc.) have successfully challenged the leadership of the so-called Old World that represented the majority of global market share. Wine Industry Analysis using the Porter’s Five forces Model A brief Porter’s five forces analysis can help understand how the evolving of competitive environment is actually composed and why this market shake occurred. Figure 1. 1: Porter’s Five Forces Model For what concerns the threat of new entrants; the Old World companies completely underestimated this threat. When the newcomers entered the market they could bargain market share of the pre-existing ones without facing real opposition, exploiting better marketing strategies and more efficient organizational approaches. Regarding to the threat of substitute products; this seems to be a challenge for the future, with the introduction of branding as a marketing approach; the threats from the beer industry and â€Å"soft drinks† producers must be taken into account. Referring to the bargaining power of buyers and suppliers, the entrants are in a much better position because of bigger production plants which allow them to gain a stronger contractual power towards distributors; moreover their value chains are more concentrated removing the troubles of the too much fragmentation and variety of actors between the producer and the consumer, which on the contrary, Old World’s competitors are facing. Furthermore analyzing the rivalry among existing competitors it is possible to understand that the traditional producers are facing much more difficulties, because they cannot exploit advantages the newcomers have, such as professional management, large marketing investments and economies of scale and scope. Unfortunately, these are not the only intricacies they are bearing with; the pre-existing producers have always been in competition one against the other, making it more difficult to achieve competitive advantages through cooperation. Eventually the newcomers are concentrating their action in the new growing markets while the old ones are still mainly struggling in the Old World declining markets. Network value analysis It is also of a relevant importance introducing the Chain Value Model that was at first presented by Porter in â€Å"Competitive Advantage. Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance†. This model was introduces in order to better understand the activities through which a firm, in particular a wine firm, develops a competitive advantage and creates shareholder value (fig. 1. 2). Concerning the primary activities we can see that in both the inbound and the outbound network logistics, the NW producers managed to reduce costs of transport and warehousing, exploiting new technologies of packaging (an example is the Australian â€Å"wine-in-a-box† instead of the classic glass bottle. ) Analyzing the outbound logistics, it is possible to explore the fact that as consequence of being big multinationals the newcomers can bargain power of the distributors, carving out margins which the European competitors are not able to gain due to the excess of fragmentation which reduce contractual power towards the distributors. With reference to the inbound logistic a major role in reducing costs per unit is played by mechanization and scale economies, which are widely exploited by the NW producers. The same advantages are reflected on the operations where mechanization of harvesting and scale are making the incumbents competitors more profitable, moreover they are also exploiting scope economies, while in the Old World, the fragmentation and the wide specialization, which were the strength of the systems now are showing themselves as weaknesses. Figure 1. 2: â€Å"Chain Value Model† by Michael Porter The use of new technologies and new organizational approaches are also incident on the quality of the final product, which is granted by the integration of the processes and an efficient network strategy by the newcomers, while in the OW these challenges have not been answered yet. One of the largest disadvantages the mature competitors are facing concern the activity of marketing and sales, where due to the newcomers approach they are loosing the market confront. The Old World is exploiting factors largely underemployed by the Europeans, the use of professional marketing, market researches try to understand and forecast the market in order to be more responsive to the real needs of the demand. The correct use of branding from part of the NW producers is resulting as one of the strongest competition advantage towards the OW ones. Concerning the support activities the situation does not vary, the new-comers have advantages in the firm infrastructures mainly because of a more efficient organization of the all networks and because of a better organization and integration of the production chain. As regards to the Human Resources Management the differences are mainly a consequence of the different organization types of the actors of the market; in the New World the companies are organized as multinationals with professional managers and marketers, in the Old World the firms are often too small, fragmented and in competition among them to have access to such resources. On the side of technology development the newcomers are exploiting the new technologies in order to gain efficiency and quality, developing new mechanical tools and new approaches mainly regarding harvesting. Completely different is the approach of the New World competitors, strongly opposing the use of new technologies providing quality with a traditionalist method, an unfortunate approach for gaining market share. In terms of procurement it is unclear if there are advantages of one system towards the other. The outcome of the analysis shows how the New World could gain market share against the Old World, challenging a domination that lasted for centuries. 1. How did the French became the dominant competitors in the increasingly global wine industry for centuries? What sources of competitive advantage were they able to develop in order to support their exports? Where were they vulnerable? * Competitive advantage sources: history and traditions; know-how; experience; strong internal demand; world wide quality recognition; leader in wine sector for centuries. * Weak areas: fragmented chain of production; too strict regulation and classification; scarce innovations; no differentiation of the product; poor marketing; no branding bargaining power. As wine production grow up in the Mediterranean area, this alcoholic beverage became more and more blended with cultures, religious traditions and everyday life in the area that now is called the â€Å"Old World†. Wine first uses and its complex production made it not accessible for all, actually it was considered a luxury good. But centuries of development in the production process, like vineyard horses or row plantations, innovations in the distribution and preservation of the wine, like cork stopper or mass production of glass bottles, made it affordable for everyone generating a strong internal demand in countries such us French, Italy, Germany and so on. Specifically, regarding France, in 1966 the domestic demand accounted for 120 liters per capita and it became the country with the higher consumption of wine, followed by Italy with 110 liters. In order to better understand the dimension of the market, in the same year in Australia, USA and UK the annual per capita consumption was far less than 10 liters. In France, wine was not only highly consumed in every house, but it became one of the business strengths of the country. Actually it was the second largest French export, because History and tradition made the French wine synonymous of quality in the whole world. Moreover, since there were hundreds of different types wine, French government codified a hierarchical classification (Appellation d’Origin Controllee – AOC, Vins Delimites de Qualite Superieure – VDQS, Vins de Pays) and nurtured the concept of terroir to help consumers recognize their finest wines in a highly fragmented market. This significantly strict regulation was an important innovation that made the difference among the main competitors, such as Italy or Spain. French source of competitive advantage was not only the century know-how that permitted to have a high quality wine and the strong internal demand, but also the demand coming from the neighboring countries without a highly developed wine industry. Wine producers, in many countries of Europe, were isolated from each others, and most of the world’s wine drinkers consumed either local wines or imported from close winemakers. This tradition made the fortune of France, since the climate and the soil in the United Kingdom didn’t allow grape growing enough to satisfy the huge internal demand, British were forced to import from the closest producer. The century tradition was an advantage for the French wine because it was a symbol of quality, but it was also a drawback, because it fiercely limited the flow of innovation and development concerning the production, distribution and branding of wine. Moreover, since the whole production chain was fragmented in many segments, there was a lack of economies of scale and integration that had terrible results in market power of the French producers. Actually branding was poor or even not existing and a number of small producers with very small bargaining power were incapable to deal with retailers as supermarkets loosing market visibility and the connection with the whole segment of customers. The direct competitors, the Old World producers, were all in the same situation: fixed to the traditions and unable to satisfy the increasing fast-changing consumer tastes and preferences. The fact that they had been the market leaders for centuries made them unconscious about the possibility of new hardened competitors growing in the New World. 2 What changes in the global industry structure and competitive dynamics led France and other traditional producers lose their market share to challengers firm Australia, US, and other New World countries in the late 20th century? In the last twenty years, the worldwide wine industry has become increasingly internationalized and sophisticated, though over the years, the market has become fragmented, international, multi-lingual, operating in many currencies, and information-intensive. The wine industry globally faces continued shake-up and consolidation and the generation of mega wine companies has become inevitable as no one wine company – listed or private – currently has more than one percent of the world wine market, in stark contrast to other beverages. Global wine showed solid growth in volume terms in recent years, up nearly two percent to 25,066 million liters. Still red wine provided much of the impetus for volume growth in the world wine market over survey period, with sales rising nearly 12% between 1998 and 2003. However, volume growth of global wine was dampened by changing patterns of consumption in important Western European markets, like Italy, France, Portugal and Spain, as younger consumers moved away from traditional everyday wine drinking to more occasional consumption. Globally, the two countries that are leading the wine production and consumption businesses are France and Italy. However, the irony is that these two countries are also witnessing a steady erosion of their global market share. In our opinion there are five key success factors that we have identified that are extremely relevant to compete favorably in the global wine industry: * a strong existing domestic market * domestic market growth potential * economies of scale advantage * industry adaptability to change and * potential to attract foreign investment. First, a strong domestic market is one where a large volume of wine is purchased and where consumers readily select domestic wines. Second, even more important is the potential for growth in a producer’s domestic market, as this shows if opportunities for additional sales exist where producers may have local knowledge and other native advantages such as local distribution. Third, countries where production is dominated by larger firms have the advantages of scale and scope as well as improved power in promoting and pushing their wines to consumers and retailers. Fourth, industry adaptability to change summarizes the willingness of producers to experiment with cost saving production methods or to pioneer new marketing techniques. It also indicates if producers are free from excessive regulations or blind adherence to long standing traditions. Finally, countries that have business-friendly climates, favorable costs or other natural comparative advantages will attract foreign investment in wine production, which makes these countries stronger global competitors. Old World producers were the first to define tastes and quality standards and they have traditionally been supported by a strong local consumer base. The New World has had to work hard to build their wine industry, both in infrastructure and reputation. Large scale wine production is relatively recent, and many of the New World producers faced difficulties such as currency collapse, prohibition and international sanctions. Per-capita consumption also lags that of the Old World countries. Yet New World producers have recently been successful in producing consistent quality wine and in capturing global market share. .The group with the strongest competitive position includes Australia, Chile and the United States. Australia and Chile both have small populations that provide for a tiny domestic market with little potential for growth. However they are very well positioned to produce and export wine with their adaptive, large-scale producers and their great lure for foreign investments, providing them with a position of a strong competitive advantage. The US is a populous, affluent nation, and while the US wine market is already large, it has even more potential to expand. With all other key success factors strongly favorable, the US also possesses significant competitive advantages. The countries with the weakest competitive advantages in the global wine industry are two traditional strongholds of wine production in the Old World: France and Germany. While they have large domestic markets, there is little opportunity for further growth. There are many causes of the decline of France, and the Old World in general, in the market share of this sector; these concerns globalization, changes in the demand, more responsive strategies of the rivals and also the lack of market research and marketing investments by the French firms and totally ineffective technology and innovation policy. Moreover, the concentration of production into small wineries, complex labeling practices and inability to leverage new production and marketing techniques does also not bode well for effective competition in a global market place. Nor does either country hold much potential for attracting foreign investment, save for some traditionally undervalued areas of France, like Languedoc. In response to the shrinking costs of transport, globalization allowed companies situated in different areas of the globe competing in the same final market, an example is the UK one, where in the past the demand was completely satisfied by French, Italian and German wines. Although consumption per person has decreased in traditional consuming and producing countries (Italy, Spain, France), the consumption and production of wine is increasing in new countries in northern Europe, Americas and Asia. Countries like South Africa, Australia, Chile and Argentina are radically modifying the industry’s competitive environment. With the â€Å"globalization† of the wine market, the environment is becoming more competitive and producers are implementing new strategies. We can observe two very different production and marketing models. * The traditional French model, based on the certificate of guaranteed origin (AOC), whose objective is to turn out a high added value typical product in limited quantities through the combination of a demarcated territory called terroir and enforcement of constraining specifications and regulations. * The second, is being implemented by producers in the so called New World (the United States/California, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Argentina). It is based on â€Å"industrialized† mass production and intense marketing of relatively standardized products which are easily identifiable through private brands. There are different observable relationships between the players and the production sites in the industry. In this context, the French wine industry appears to be in an insidious or even open crisis. In most producing regions, a major symptom is the decrease in domestic sales in a context of market shrink. In addition, there is a loss of export market shares which is estimated at ten points in several countries that have traditionally been markets for French such as Great-Britain, Germany and Canada. In these cases, these losses are not due to an overall market decline, which is actually on the rise, but rather to the increase in competition by producers who are mostly from the southern hemisphere (Argentina, Chile, Australia, South Africa) and California. The real alleged weaknesses of the French wine industry have been the subject of numerous analysis and reinforcement proposals: regulations which are too strict and consequently slow down innovation, a complex and hard to understand product supply, minimal or even no effort made concerning promotion and marketing. Furthermore, we believe that the main mistake lies in the structural organization of the wine industry in France. Hence, we would like to not concentrate on the wine product and its specific qualities but will try to compare the way the industries’ players are organized, in order to analyze where the French industry is not adequate to modern challenges. The terroir/AOC model has been a reference for worldwide wine production until the 1980s but it is no longer the case in the early 2000s. Why is France’s position on the international wine markets degrading while New World wines experienced spectacular improvements and now aim at catching up with traditional â€Å"Old World† products? From an organizational point of view the terroir/AOC model seems to have a certain number of cumulative weak points in comparison to the new world’s model (identifiable with Porter-like clusters.) In terms of the supply structures, the French established supply model and infrastructure are characterized by fragmentation and a high number of small winemakers that have a negative effect on investment capacities (material or immaterial) in the industry as a whole. This fragmentation has certainly a negative effect on the ability to innovate in terms of products, processes and even marketing and selling. The small scale of businesses and lack of tradition as regards pooling resources do not allow producers to find the financial means necessary for heavy investments. This weakness tends to neutralize the local industry’s reaction capability when it faces the new environment pressures. The fragmented supply chain is, indeed, both the cause and the consequence of a â€Å"non-competitive/non-co-operative† tradition among producers; individual strategies of traditional producers aim to avoid all forms of comparison with neighbours and potential competitors. This lack of cooperation is, in Porter’s perspective, one of the major weak points. On one side, for New World producers, wine-making is an economic activity and is taken on as such: producers define output, profit and market share growth objectives and give themselves the means to reach them. On the other, for traditional terroir producers, wine production, though highly lucrative, is not taken on in its economic dimension but rather centered round the â€Å"cultural† nature of the product. The â€Å"New World producers are turned towards innovation, the terroir is founded on immutability of tradition; it is consequently strongly resistant to change. Terroirs’ organization model is traditionally supply driven in a context of scarcity. This avoids producers to think about productive environment and production method change. Consequently, traditional producers have had trouble in considering both the qualitative and quantitative evolution of demand and its consequences on supply, where â€Å"New World† producers are used to have a proactive behavior and, therefore, anticipating and stimulating it. And even when the need to change is implemented, the existence of tight regulation within a specific AOC can make a substantial product modification or production method more difficult to happen. A further set of identifiable weak points is linked to the nature of the top-down complementary relationships between grape growers and wine traders and to the transaction costs that result. The terroir/AOC† model of organization tends to generate opportunistic behaviour that can call into question its very survival, specifically in a very competitive context. In fact, while the perspective of getting an AOC label encourages players to enhance production quality, it may lead to let up on efforts made to maintain product quality once the label has been obtained, interfering with the overall image of the terroir and raising suspicion as regards product quality. To particularly highlight is the existence of incomplete contracts between grape growers and winemakers/wine merchants, the latter being responsible for the marketing of the product. This â€Å"generates considerable price variations and makes it impossible to set up contracts that guarantee traders constant and adequate wine supplies in terms of quantity and quality. The problem can spread to wines beyond generic wines and condemns, in advance, all ambitious and viable marketing strategies from the traders. † The presence of extremely heterogeneous quality levels within the same appellation can thus call into question the appellation itself and therefore the whole of the â€Å"terroir/AOC† organization and strategy. To avoid such opportunistic behaviours, autonomous certification bodies should be entitled to reconsider such certification on a regular basis and ban weak products/producers. The industry’s players themselves or a third party must assume responsibility for product quality guarantee. A major terroir organization characteristic is fragmentation and corporatism. Consequently, taking responsibility for such guarantee scheme is extremely difficult owing to incompatible corporatist and general interests. What is more, the existence of non-market regulation mechanisms (based on, for example, family or friendship ties) can in this case be counter-productive. Indeed, players can be tempted not to sanction one of their kin in the name of these relationships and later themselves avoid possible sanctions, whereas the intervention of a third party that is likely to guarantee this quality is difficult to promote with local entities. Under the AOC label, regulation is indeed carried out at local level by local players themselves and therefore known to be rather lax: making it impossible to use the label as a genuine quality guarantee. 3. 1 What advice would you offer today to the French Minister of Agriculture? To the head of the French wine industry association? To the owner of a mid-size, well regarded Bordeaux vineyard producing wines in the premium and super premium categories? * French Minister of Agriculture: increase government investments in the wine industry; promote a responsible wine consumption of wine through events marketed at the new generation; create a new clear classification system based on the consumer tastes; promote the creation of big companies and disadvantage the proliferate of little-medium producers; sign contracts with other agriculture ministers of consumers countries in order to favour the French wine. * Head of the French wine association: better integrate the network; quickly spread the know-how, techniques and innovations throught the French producers; promote wine events to increase the consumptions; promote the invention of new products made with wine; try to anticipate the next changes in the consumer tastes; advertise and invest more on the type of wine that is preferred by the consumers in that very moment; make advertisement aimed to a responsible and wealthy consumption of wine; try to drive the consumption to the type of wine that is over offered; lobbying the ministry of agriculture in order to have grants and privileges. * Owner of the mid-size, well regarded Bordeaux vineyard: found a bigger company with the surrounding producers; invest in innovating the production process in order to increase the quantity and the quality; buy extensive land in the New World and exploit economic scale advantages. 3. 1 Possible advices to the French Minister of Agriculture Since the main objective of France is to take back the market share of the past and maintain the leader position in the wine market, it has to better exploit its competitive advantages and adopt some technical and marketing innovations in order to compete and defeat the new threatening producers. The first functional recommendation for the French Minister of Agriculture is to increment the government investments in the wine industry. The larger flow of money would be used, firstly, to invent or to develop techniques and tools for harvesting or farm vineyards, secondly, to achieve and overtake the distribution and marketing level of the New World producers. All those developments will also increase the production of wine and fulfil a larger portion of the international demand. In the last ten years, the new generation has grown with a high consumption of beer and super-alcoholic cocktails, the French Minister could aim to substitute these beverages with the wine. He might promote a responsible wine consumption through events directed to the new generation. It is important to advertise wine as a drink for all ages instead of a refined beverage just for mature people as this would implement the demand from part of the younger generation. One of the common problems of wine consumers is choosing which kind of wine and which brand purchase at the supermarket. This issue could be solved with a classification of brands and wine names that could be easily understood and memorized by the consumers. Quality can be maintained and highlighted also gathering the large number of different types of wine in few clusters with easy names to remember. This problem is also due to the large number of brands in the market. The majority of potential consumers are confused and at the end they prefer to buy a bottle of beer of a well known brand. It’s possible to overcome this situation promoting the creation of big companies and disadvantage the proliferation of little-medium producers. Big companies bring into the market well-known brands, which massively increase producers’ market power. In order to increase the French market power compared with the direct and New World competitors’ ones, the French Minister of Agriculture could sign contracts or agreements with other agriculture ministers of consumers countries in order to favour the French wine. Since, UK, one of the larger consumer countries is next to France, it would be easy to find something to exchange for a commercial agreement. 3. 2 Possible advices to the head of the French wine industry association As the Head of the French wine industry association to manage and represent all the wine producers, its objective is to promote and give advantage to its associates. Furthermore it would be useful to advise him to promote a better integration of the wine production process from the vineyards to the final consumer. This issue could be achieved through a cooperation or collaboration between the wine producers, merchant traders and the retailing sector. A superior control, permitted by this form of collaboration, avoid more handling stages, holding less inventory, capturing the intermediaries’ mark-up, sharing common objectives and improving the time to market. Moreover, the cooperation can spread the know-how, technique and innovation through all the French associates. It is really important to promote higher investments in R&D in order to fill the gap that has occurred between France and the other New Word competitors. New innovations and technologies bring new developments and improvements to overtake and succeed on the marketing and distribution level of the competitors. Concerning the distribution, communities, retailers, and consumers are demanding more sustainable, eco-friendly packaging options, whether for everyday items or higher end purchases like fine wine. For some products, the barrier to conversion has been package performance. Therefore would be important to spread the use of â€Å"green† materials to pack and deliver the products. Since the French has never developed an efficient marketing strategy it has been difficult to align the interests between supply and demand. The French wine association has to try to anticipate the next changes in the consumer tastes, by means of market surveys and data collected through an effective wine industrial analysis. It is also important to drive the offer towards to the type of wine that is preferred by the consumers in that very moment. On contrary it is possible to drive also the demand and not only the supply of wine. Guiding the consumption towards the type of wine that is over offered or over produced it is hoped to avoid sure future losses. Nowadays people are blasted with advertisement that recommends not consuming wine because it is unsafe for the drinkers’ life. There will be an increment of demand persuading consumers that a little quantity of wine is not dangerous but rather really healthy, in particular the consumption of red wine. As well as the French Minister of Agriculture the Head of the French wine industry Association might promote and arrange wine events to increase the new generation consumption of wine. 3. 3 Possible advices to the owner of a middle size well regarded Bourdeaux vineyard producing wine and premium and superpremium category The main issue for French wine producers in the actual competitive environment, considering how the newcomers are acting and consequently gaining market share, is size. One of the challenges each small producer has to face is a competitive market without boundaries, totally changed from what it was only 10 or even 5 years ago, in which large multinationals are now efficiently operating. There is no univocal solution to this problem, but a few advices could be given to small or mid sized European companies. In order to gain advantage in terms of scale but even scope, the best way is to control the full production chain. From the vineyard to the glass, this can be obtained through either acquisition of neighbour producers, merging with other companies to better integrate or forming and exploiting networks. Each winemaker should analyze the market, an affordable process, and identify its possible cooperation/competition strategies. Maximum control over the value chain can often guarantee that the final product is produced and sold at the company’s standards. One of the troubles the incumbents have to face is the inconstant quality often found within the same wine denomination. Bottles often sold at very high prices, due to a very lousy quality denomination system, are ruining the reputation of the other products of the same wine group. This is unacceptable as it ruins the whole regional system, but a solution can be found through the aforementioned network implementation or radical integration.